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Composable Enterprises: Adaptability with a common caller By Aditya Abeysinghe

Aug 14, 2021 Posted by In Aditya Abeysinghe, Articles Tagged , ,

Composable Enterprises: Adaptability with a common caller

By Aditya Abeysinghe

Sydney metro is a fully automated (driverless) train network which started its operations on 26th May 2019. It is currently composed of one line and covers 13 stations from Tallawong to Chatswood covering 36 km. The network is a rapid transmit metro system and is currently operated by Metro Trains Sydney. More than four million customers have travelled in this train service as of now and the overall impression of the service has been overwhelmingly positive. This metro service is the first of its kind in Australia. Earlier, only countries like Singapore and UAE boasted driverless metros and their experiences. Assembled by Alstom, the French-based manufacturer, each metro is composed of six compartments with newer technologies, accessibility features such as two wheelchair spaces per compartment as well as dedicated spacing for people with mobility needs. Metro stations also add a unique customer experience to this service with its added features. These include lifts directly to the platforms, audio hearing loops and advanced lighting systems to help people find their trains. There are also special flooring and accessibility features for visually-impaired passengers to move through the stations. The service is a turn-up-and-go service with a train every four minutes in each direction. Sydney Metro Expansion Project The current metro project is expected to be expanded to 31 stations with 30 kilometers of new railway by 2024 where the line will run from the end of the current line in the North West to the Central Business District (CBD). The project will add seven new stations and 11 upgraded stations and will extended to the Sydney Metro City and Southwest and will enable 40000 passengers to be served per hour. This expansion will expand Sydney’s railway network up to 60%. The project will add stations with lifts, CCTV surveillance, platform screen doors, improved station interchange facilities and trains running every four minutes in the peak time. Another railway line, Sydney West, is a separate line that is expected to link Greater Parramatta and the CBD between the CBD and Westmead. 12 new stations including Parramatta and the Olympic park will be considered and the construction has started and will be expected to open to public in 2030. This project will add new stations to key locations such as Sydney Olympic Park, Pyrmont, and Parramatta. The third project, the development of the stage 1 of the North-South link, was started in 2020 under the Western Sydney City Deal signed in March 2018. Stage 1 of the Western Sydney Airport line will operate connecting St. Mary’s and the Badgerys Creek Aerotropolis via the Western Sydney Airport. The project is expected to be completed in 2026. Features of driverless train operations Train automation is divided into five main categories based on their Grade of Automation (GoA). GoA 0 means no automation and the train operation is at on-sight. GoA 1 means manual train operation. In this category the train driver controls all aspects of the train including starting and stopping, and operating doors. GoA 2 means Semi-automatic (STO) train operation. In this category the starting and stopping are automated but a driver is required to operate the doors. Most Automatic Train Operation (ATO)s are in this category. In GoA 3 driverless train operation is in action where starting and stopping are automated and a train attendant operates the doors. In GoA 4 all the functions of the train are fully automated and is categorized as Unattended Train Operation (UTO). The current Sydney North West Metro is GoA 4. Why adopt driverless? Two main reasons to adopt driverless technology in trains is to improve punctuality and reduce operating costs. Punctuality is achieved by consistent control of train speed and traffic management strategies using ATO. ATO also reduces the human error and the overall safety of the system. For example, Dubai metro was able to achieve 99.6% punctuality since it began operations in 2009. The advantage with operating costs stems from the zero human labor cost incurred by increasing the rate of arriving trains and running trains outside usual times. Another advantage that driverless trains provide is the energy consumption efficiency by using ATO for controlling speed and planned changes of acceleration and deceleration. These trains also provide better energy regeneration during braking and pull off. Further, driverless trains have improved communication and monitoring systems such as the travel route and current speed as seen in the current Sydney North West metro. They are also often equipped with remote monitoring from a remote control centre. The drawbacks of driverless Driverless trains have been often criticized for their high capital costs and operational costs. For example, the costs of signaling and control equipment, remote monitoring and maintenance costs are higher in comparison to train systems that are semi-automatic or manual. For example, Sydney metro City and Southwest project was budgeted at $ 12.5 billion. Some upcoming metro projects have also been criticized for cost overruns. Moreover, driverless trains also have been criticized for unhuman nature of operations such as in unusual times such as misusing of doors and automatic closure of doors at stations. Public safety is also another concern in the absence of a human driver.Enterprises these days cater wide range of services to customers. Use of a wide range of services not only boosts the name of the provider, but also the marginal profit of the provider. The speed of adopting a new business line into an existing set of services is the adaptability of an organization. This speed depends on the enterprise, external factors and on customers. With uncertainty and rivalry at peak levels, at present, adaptability of an enterprise is one of the factors for its survival.

Composability as a factor

So, why should one think about composability? The word composable means building something from a modular method. Think of this as a set of blocks joined together to form the set of services in an enterprise. Each block has its own function, own data inputs and outputs and own business logic. If a new service needs to be integrated, a new block to existing blocks should be added. If an existing service needs to be removed, that block could be removed. This is the composability expected in a theoretical way.

However, many data driven systems are hard to adapt to change. The reason for this is the approach by which data is handled in such systems. Monolithic applications are applications where the data logic is directly linked to its database(s). The problem comes when a new service needs to be added. Either the existing logic needs to be changed or the databases need to be changed. This is often a timely, costly and error prone process which often results in issues in existing services.

Composable Enterprises: Adaptability with a common caller By Aditya Abeysinghe

API driven approach

An API (Application Programming Interface) is a common interface by which data could be retrieved by providing a set of inputs. For example, consider a reservation application. A user could call the same application by using a website, a mobile app or a desktop app. The data returned for the same input is same regardless of the application. Only the type of the app and the UI (User Interface) is different. By using an API an interface is open for all callers regardless of the type.

By using API driven calls, new services could be easily integrated, such that all apps calling it is automatically using them. Existing services could also be modified or deleted with minimal issues. Therefore, adaptability of applications by using an API caller is higher compared to those using monolithic applications. Thus, composability is achieved using the API driven approach better than by using standalone apps.

Cloud shift

The hype about composability sprung with shifting applications to cloud and ensuring scalability and disaster recovery. The common method of moving applications to cloud is the movement of the current architecture as it is to the cloud. However, scalability and adaptability is often hard to achieve in such a method as it depends on the vendor, if the same architecture is used. Also, if hybrid clouds need to be designed, then scalability in the in-house cloud needs to be separately thought and then merged with public clouds. However, by using APIs for all data driven calls, composability can be ensured for all scenarios as it is dependent on the provider, rather than on the infrastructure.

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