Forgotten Fortresses: Sri Lanka’s Ancient Defenses – By Bhanuka – eLanka
Sri Lanka, an island nation situated in the Indian Ocean, is renowned for its lush landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and ancient civilizations. Among its many historical treasures are the ancient fortresses that dot the island, remnants of a time when the strategic location of Sri Lanka made it a coveted prize for various powers. These fortresses, many of which are now forgotten or hidden within dense jungles, offer a glimpse into the island’s tumultuous past, marked by invasions, colonial conquests, and local resistance. This article delves into the history, architecture, and significance of Sri Lanka’s ancient defenses, shedding light on the stories they silently tell.
The Strategic Importance of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka’s geographical position has long been of strategic importance. Situated along major sea routes, it was a key point for maritime trade between the East and the West. This made it a target for various empires and colonial powers, each seeking to control the island for its economic and military advantages. The island’s natural resources, including spices, precious stones, and its fertile lands, added to its allure.
Throughout its history, Sri Lanka faced invasions from South Indian kingdoms, European colonial powers, and even internal conflicts among local rulers. To protect themselves and their territories, these rulers constructed a network of fortresses across the island. These fortresses served as military strongholds, administrative centers, and symbols of power. They were designed to withstand sieges, protect against invasions, and assert dominance over the land.
The Ancient Kingdoms and Their Fortresses
The ancient kingdoms of Sri Lanka, such as Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, and Kandy, are known for their impressive architectural achievements, including their fortifications. Anuradhapura, the first established kingdom, was heavily fortified with walls and moats to protect against invasions. The city itself was surrounded by a vast network of defenses, including outer and inner walls, moats, and watchtowers. These fortifications were designed not only to protect the city but also to control access to it.
Polonnaruwa, which succeeded Anuradhapura as the capital, further enhanced its defenses with the construction of massive walls and gates. The citadel, known as the Royal Palace, was fortified with thick walls and strategically placed guard towers. The city also had an elaborate system of reservoirs and canals, which served both as water supply and defense mechanisms. These fortifications helped Polonnaruwa withstand numerous attacks and maintain its status as a powerful kingdom.
Kandy, the last capital of the ancient kingdoms, was known for its natural defenses. Surrounded by mountains and dense forests, Kandy was difficult to access and provided a natural barrier against invaders. The city itself was fortified with walls, gates, and trenches. The most notable fortress in Kandy is the Sri Dalada Maligawa, or the Temple of the Sacred Tooth Relic. This sacred site, which houses a relic of the Buddha’s tooth, was heavily fortified to protect it from invaders and ensure its sanctity.
Colonial Fortifications
The arrival of European colonial powers in the 16th century marked a new era of fortification in Sri Lanka. The Portuguese were the first to establish a foothold on the island, followed by the Dutch and the British. Each colonial power left its mark on Sri Lanka’s fortifications, constructing impressive forts that still stand today.
The Portuguese built several forts along the coastal areas to protect their trade routes and maintain control over the island. One of the most significant Portuguese forts is Fort Colombo, located in the capital city. Built in the early 16th century, this fort was designed to withstand both land and sea attacks. It featured thick walls, bastions, and cannons, making it a formidable defense against invaders.
The Dutch, who succeeded the Portuguese in the mid-17th century, expanded and improved upon the existing fortifications. They constructed several forts, including the famous Galle Fort. This fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a testament to Dutch colonial architecture and military engineering. It features massive ramparts, bastions, and a network of tunnels and underground passages. The fort was designed to withstand both land and sea attacks and served as an important administrative and military center for the Dutch.
The British, who took control of Sri Lanka in the early 19th century, also made significant contributions to the island’s fortifications. They constructed several forts, including Fort Frederick in Trincomalee and Fort Hammenhiel in Jaffna. These forts were strategically located to protect key ports and harbors. The British also improved and modernized the existing fortifications, incorporating new military technologies and engineering techniques.
Architectural Features of Sri Lankan Fortresses
The fortresses of Sri Lanka exhibit a blend of indigenous and colonial architectural styles. The ancient fortifications, constructed by the local kingdoms, were heavily influenced by Indian and Southeast Asian architectural traditions. These fortifications were characterized by their massive stone walls, intricately carved gateways, and strategic use of natural features such as rivers and mountains.
The colonial forts, on the other hand, were designed using European military engineering principles. These forts featured thick walls made of stone and brick, bastions for mounting cannons, and complex networks of tunnels and underground passages. The colonial powers also introduced new construction techniques, such as the use of lime mortar and the incorporation of defensive features like drawbridges and moats.
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One of the most distinctive features of Sri Lankan fortresses is their strategic use of natural terrain. Many forts were built on elevated ground, such as hills or rocky outcrops, to provide a commanding view of the surrounding area and make them more difficult to attack. The fortresses also incorporated natural barriers, such as rivers, lakes, and forests, to enhance their defenses.
The Legacy of Sri Lanka’s Fortresses
Today, many of Sri Lanka’s ancient fortresses lie in ruins, forgotten and overgrown by vegetation. However, they continue to bear silent witness to the island’s turbulent history and the resilience of its people. These fortresses are not just relics of the past; they are cultural and historical landmarks that offer valuable insights into the island’s heritage.
Efforts are being made to preserve and restore these ancient fortifications, recognizing their historical and cultural significance. Organizations such as the Department of Archaeology and the Central Cultural Fund are working to protect and promote these sites, ensuring that future generations can appreciate their legacy.
In recent years, some of these forgotten fortresses have been rediscovered and opened to the public. Visitors can explore the ruins, walk along the ancient walls, and imagine the battles and sieges that once took place there. These fortresses have also become popular tourist attractions, drawing history enthusiasts, archaeologists, and travelers from around the world.
Conclusion
The forgotten fortresses of Sri Lanka are a testament to the island’s rich history and the resilience of its people. From the ancient kingdoms of Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, and Kandy to the colonial fortifications of the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, these fortresses tell the story of a land that has been both a prize and a battleground for centuries. Their architectural features, strategic locations, and historical significance make them valuable cultural and historical landmarks.
As efforts continue to preserve and restore these ancient defenses, it is important to recognize their significance and appreciate the stories they tell. By exploring and understanding these forgotten fortresses, we can gain a deeper appreciation of Sri Lanka’s rich heritage and the enduring legacy of its ancient defenses.
